AVRDUDE:

read signature:
avrdude -p m328p -v -B 10 -c USBasp -U signature:r:-:h

read fuses:
avrdude -p m328p -v -B 10 -c USBasp -U lfuse:r:-:h -U hfuse:r:-:h -U efuse:r:-:h

Fuse calculator

Low High Extended BOD avrdude -p m328p -v -B 10 -c USBasp
0xFF 0xDA 0xFE 1,8 V -U lfuse:w:0xff:m -U hfuse:w:0xda:m -U efuse:w:0xfe:m
0xFF 0xDA 0xFD 2,7 V -U lfuse:w:0xff:m -U hfuse:w:0xda:m -U efuse:w:0xfd:m
0xFF 0xDA 0xFF DISABLE -U lfuse:w:0xff:m -U hfuse:w:0xda:m -U efuse:w:0xff:m


write fuses (default for Arduino Duemilanove, Pro Mini 8 - 16 MHz, 2,7 V BOD):
avrdude -p m328p -v -B 10 -c USBasp -U lfuse:w:0xff:m -U hfuse:w:0xda:m -U efuse:w:0xfd:m

write bootloader:
avrdude -p m328p -c USBasp -e -U flash:w:ATmegaBOOT_168_atmega328.hex:i
avrdude -p m328p -c USBasp -e -U flash:w:optiboot_atmega328.hex:i

read flash:
avrdude -p m328p -c USBasp -U flash:r:-:i
avrdude -p m328p -P usb -c USBasp -U flash:r:flash.bin:i

read eeprom:
avrdude -p m328p -v -c USBasp -U eeprom:r:-:i
avrdude -p m328p -v -c USBasp -U eeprom:r:eeprom.hex:i

erase flash:
avrdude -p m328p -c USBasp -e